This decision document was prepared to support a no-further action decision at Coal Storage Yard No. 1 (CY-1), and Coal Storage Yard No. 3 (CY-3), at the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR). The report was prepared as part of the U.S. Department of Defense Installation Restoration Program (IRP) to assess the nature and extent of contamination associated with previous site operations at MMR.

In 1990, the National Guard Bureau, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MADEP) agreed to a "gated" approach for determining remedial activities at CY-1 and CY-3, meaning that findings and conclusions from investigations of coal storage yards CY-2 and CY-4 would be used to support a decision document for CY-1 and CY-3. The reasoning for this approach was based on a Phase I study at the MMR which concluded that each of the four coal yards at MMR has similar operational histories.

Following the Phase I investigation, Phase II studies were recommended for Study Area CY-2, where a site assessment was conducted, and for area of concern (AOC) CY-4, where a site inspection and remedial investigation (RI) were conducted. Results of the site assessment indicated that CY-2 does not pose a threat to human health or groundwater quality (E.C. Jordan Co., 1988a). Consequently, a no-further action decision document was jointly approved by the USEPA and the MADEP (E.C. Jordan Co., 1988b). The RI for AOC CY-4 concluded that the 1994 removal of coal and coal ash from the site has mitigated potential human health and ecological risks (ABB-ES, 1996). The USEPA approved Record of Decision (ROD) recommended confirmation sampling of surface soil at AOC CY-4 to assess the adequacy of the removal action completed in 1994 (HLA, 1998).

In addition to these investigations at CY-2 and CY-4, supplemental groundwater and surface soil investigations were conducted at Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3. In April 1998, a groundwater assessment of Study Area CY-1 was performed by Harding Lawson Associates. This supplemental assessment, which was conducted to evaluate potential groundwater contamination from previous site activities, concluded that its findings support the recommendation for no further action at CY-1 (Appendix A). In June 2001 Environmental Chemical Corporation (ECC) conducted a supplemental surface soil investigation at CY-1 and CY-3 the results of which support the recommendation for no further action at CY-1 and CY-3. Based on the results of the findings at Study Area CY-2 and AOC CY-4, and the additional investigations conducted at CY-1 and CY-3, no further action is recommended for Study Area CY-1 and Study Area CY-3.

This decision document was prepared to support a no-further action decision at Study Areas CY-1, formerly operated by the U.S. Army, and CY-3, formerly operated by the Veterans Administration (VA) at the MMR in Cape Cod Massachusetts. The report was prepared as part of the U.S. Department of Defense IRP to assess the nature and extent of contamination associated with previous site operations at MMR.

The MMR complex, located in western Cape Cod, occupies approximately 22,000 acres within the towns of Bourne, Falmouth, Mashpee, and Sandwich, Massachusetts. MMR borders the town of Falmouth along most of the southern boundary. MMR houses facilities operated by the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), Army National Guard (ARNG), U.S. Air Force (USAF), Air National Guard (ANG), Veterans Administration (VA), U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Although military activity began at MMR as early as 1911, most operations occurred after 1935 and consisted of two general types: (1) U.S. Army mechanized training and maneuvers at Camp Edwards; and (2) USAF military aircraft operations, maintenance, and support. Intensive army activity occurred with the onset of World War II, and continued through demobilization following the war (1940-1946). Major aircraft operations at Otis Air Force Base, associated with surveillance and air defense aircraft, occurred from 1955 to 1970. Both army training and ANG surveillance continue today at MMR.

Coal was used extensively for space heating at MMR from 1940 to 1957, and for steam and standby power generation from 1957 to 1990. During the records search, four coal storage areas were identified and catalogued: Study Areas CY-1, CY-2, CY-3, and AOC CY-4. These coal storage areas were found to have similar operational histories. Ash from the VA hospital steam plant was stored temporarily at Study Area CY-3 and ash from the Central Heating Plant was disposed of at AOC CY-4 (E.C. Jordan Co., 1986). The locations of these four coal yards are shown in Figure 1-1.

Coal, coal ash, and soot are not classified as hazardous wastes; however, these materials contain organic and inorganic constituents that could potentially leach into infiltrating precipitation and runoff (Anderson and Youngstrom, 1976; Fendinger et al., 1989; Stahl et al., 1984; Olem et al., 1983; and Wachter and Blackwood, 1978). Because of the potential for contamination and risk to human health and the environment resulting from coal and coal ash, these four coal storage areas were included in the IRP inventory of potential hazardous waste sites on MMR (E.C. Jordan Co., 1986). The records search also identified potential site contaminants including iron, sulfur, and other inorganics; phenols; and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are components of coal.

MMR is located on the upper or western part of Cape Cod in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, approximately 60 miles south of Boston and immediately southeast of the Cape Cod Canal. MMR property includes land in the towns of Bourne, Falmouth, Mashpee, and Sandwich. The MMR complex is shared by five major command units: the USCG, ARNG, USAF, ANG, and VA, each with separate commands. An association of governing authorities manages MMR through the individual unit commanders.

The USCG manages an on-MMR housing and support area for approximately 2,000 year-round MMR residents. Within the housing and support area are the chapel, medical dispensary, golf course, base commissary and exchange facilities, and military housing. Within the housing area are three public schools operated by the town of Bourne and one private school. The MMR population increases intermittently by as many as a few thousand people during Reserve and National Guard annual training activities. An additional 800 nonresidents are employed at MMR.

Potable water at MMR is produced from groundwater supply Well J located north of the flightline, near the eastern edge of MMR.

The climate of Cape Cod is temperate, with precipitation evenly distributed throughout the year. Average annual precipitation (i.e., rain and snow) at MMR is approximately 48 inches. Net precipitation (i.e., total precipitation minus evaporation) is approximately 18 to 21 inches per year (in/yr) (E.C. Jordan Co., 1989b). The one-year, 24-hour rainfall event is 2.7 inches, which indicates potential for surface water runoff and erosion. However, the highly permeable surface soils and low topographic gradients promote infiltration and minimize runoff. The MMR climate is summarized in the records search (E.C. Jordan Co., 1986).

The regional geology and hydrogeology of western Cape Cod are summarized in this subsection, including a description of the physical nature and conditions occurring in the subsurface environment of MMR. The regional geology and hydrogeology of Cape Cod and MMR are discussed in detail in the hydrogeologic summary report (E.C. Jordan Co., 1989b).

The geology of western Cape Cod where MMR is located is dominated by glacial sediments deposited during the Wisconsinan Period glaciation, 7,000 to 85,000 years ago. Two moraines, the Buzzards Bay Moraine (BBM) and the Sandwich Moraine (SM), were deposited along the western and northern edges of western Cape Cod, between which lies a broad outwash plain known as the Mashpee Pitted Plain (MPP).

Sediments associated with the BBM and SM, both ice contact deposits, are generally poorly sorted, ranging from silty till to gravel-sized material. Deposited in a glacial outwash environment, MPP sediments are characterized by well-sorted, stratified sands and gravel with only traces of silt. Fine-grained sediments and basal till are found below the MPP unconsolidated sediments. The total thickness of unconsolidated sediments is estimated to vary between 175 and 325 feet in the central and northern parts of MMR (E.C. Jordan Co., 1989b).

MMR is located over the Cape Cod aquifer, a water table or unconfined aquifer characterized by highly permeable glacial deposits. Total aquifer thickness has been estimated to range from 250 feet in the northern moraines to 80 feet in the southern MPP. The highest aquifer groundwater elevation is located in MPP sediments beneath the northern section of MMR. Groundwater flow is generally in a radial direction from this high point. The regional water table slope across the industrialized areas of MMR is southward between 0.001 and 0.003 feet per foot. Hydraulic conductivities and the respective calculated groundwater seepage velocities vary with the geologic unit. Hydraulic conductivities generally range from 50 to 800 feet per day in outwash material, while conductivities in moraine sediments are generally only one-fifth to one-tenth as high (E.C. Jordan Co., 1989b). Previous investigations have shown that under the influence of recharge from precipitation, water arriving at the water table beneath MMR sinks gradually as it moves downgradient. Groundwater flow tube subsidence rates across southern MMR range between 1.3 to 1.7 feet per 100 feet of horizontal travel (E.C. Jordan Co., 1990a and 1990b).

Groundwater recharge is solely from precipitation and averages approximately 20 in/yr. Integrating the area from the highest groundwater elevation in the undeveloped northern areas of MMR to the industrialized southern sections, the average recharge from precipitation is estimated to be approximately 7 million gallons per day. Groundwater recharge within the western and northern parts of MMR supplies water for the towns of Bourne and Sandwich. Groundwater recharge within southern MMR flows south toward the towns of Mashpee and Falmouth, where it is also used for water supply.

Study Area CY-1 is a former U.S. Army coal storage area that was used from 1940 to 1957. Study Area CY-1 is located east of Turpentine Road and south of Lee Road in an area now occupied by the base theater, barracks, and athletic fields (Figure 2-1). When Study Area CY-1 was in use, coal was unloaded from railroad cars and stockpiled along two rail sidings on the western side of the rail spur leading to the quartermaster area north of Lee Road. Coal was transported from Study Area CY-1 to individual power plants. Base drawings and aerial photographs indicate that the coal piles may have extended over 1,000 feet along the sidings. A coal weigh station and smaller coal piles were located on a rail siding east of the rail spur. The rail sidings at Study Area CY-1 have been removed, along with all visible evidence of former coal storage activities. The area is now vegetated, paved, and occupied by buildings.

In 1962, water supply Well B, located approximately 600 feet east of the weigh station and 1,200 feet east of the main coal storage area (Figure 3-1), was closed because of contamination by phenolic compounds. Because phenols can be constituents of coal pile leachate; the source of these compounds in Well B, as stated in the records search, was originally suspected to be Study Area CY-1 (Stahl et al., 1984; and E.C. Jordan Co., 1986). However, groundwater flow direction in this region of MMR is south-southwesterly, as interpreted from water level measurements taken in May 1986, May 1987, and May 1990. Therefore, water supply Well B is not believed to be located downgradient of Study Area CY-1. Analysis of two rounds of water samples from Well B collected in 1986 did not detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), or inorganics of concern (E.C. Jordan Co., 1987).

Study Area CY-3 is located at the site of the former VA hospital steam plant at the corner of East Hospital and West Hospital roads (Figure 2-2). The steam plant was in operation from 1945 to 1972. Coal was stored on an unbermed, paved pad before transfer to hopper bins. Coal ash was stored temporarily in an on-site pit. The pit was cleaned out every one or two months and the ash taken to the MMR landfill. All stockpiled coal and ash have been removed from Study Area CY-3.

The information considered during preparation of this decision document was obtained from previous investigations of Study Area CY-2 and AOC CY-4, as well as other AOCs (E.C. Jordan Co., 1986, 1988a, 1989a, and 1991; and Leblanc, 1984). The following subsections summarize key results of these investigations.

Study Area CY-2 is a former USAF and ANG coal storage area in use from 1957 to 1984 (E.C. Jordan Co., 1988a). It is located west of Generals Boulevard near the southern MMR boundary. Most coal at Study Area CY-2 was stored on a paved pad; however, some coal was placed on the ground surface north of the pad. Runoff was channeled into a storm drain at the northwestern corner of the pad, or directed off the southern edge. This runoff could have infiltrated the groundwater through the permeable soils surrounding the pad. A small pile of coal remains on the pad, and up to 2 feet of coal remains on the ground north of the pad.

Task 2-3 investigations at Study Area CY-2 included completion of three soil borings (i.e., TB-1, TB-2, and TB-3) and installation of one downgradient monitoring well at the study area (E.C. Jordan Co., 1988a). Surface soil samples were analyzed for Target Compound List (TCL) SVOCs and Target Analyte List (TAL) inorganics. Subsurface soil samples were analyzed for TCL VOCs, SVOCs, pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and TAL inorganics. One round of groundwater samples was collected and analyzed for TCL VOCs, SVOCs, pesticides and PCBs, and TAL inorganics.

Surface soil samples did not contain TCL SVOCs at concentrations above Contract Required Quantitation Limits (CRQLs), although several PAHs were detected at concentrations substantially below the CRQLs. The highest concentration of total PAHs detected in surface soil samples collected from the study area, 0.42 mg/kg, was detected in SS-3. Of the total concentration, 0.13 mg/kg was attributed to carcinogenic PAHs (cPAHs). The highest concentration of PAHs (8.9 mg/kg) was detected in a subsurface soil sample collected from 53 to 55 feet below ground surface (bgs) at TB-2. Of the total PAH concentration, 3.3 mg/kg was attributed to cPAHs. Some questions and concerns were raised regarding this result. It was speculated that this sample was mislabeled and was really the sample collected from 3 to 5 feet bgs at TB-2. To address this concern, an additional sample was collected at 3 to 5 feet bgs from a test pit excavated adjacent to TB-2. No SVOCs were detected in the this sample.

Several TAL inorganics were detected above CRDLs in surface soil samples. Lead was detected in each of the 15 surface soil samples analyzed from CY-2 but only one concentration was above MMR background. Lead was reported at 18 mg/kg in SS-11 and MMR background is 12.05 mg/kg. Arsenic was also reported in majority of surface soil samples but was below MMR background in 8 of the 15 surface samples collected during the original SI. Of the samples showing arsenic concentrations above MMR background, SS-6 contained the highest concentration (88 mg/kg) while the others were below 18 mg/kg. Chromium was also detected in surface soil samples with approximately half below MMR background and half slightly above. Cyanide was also detected in 3 of 15 surface soil samples. In the sample data set, correlation between original samples and duplicates was poor as cyanide was detected in one original sample but not in the duplicate and vice-versa in another sample/duplicate pair.

Several VOCs (i.e., chloroform, methylene chloride, acetone, 2-butanone, and toluene) were detected in subsurface soil samples. Of these, the presence of methylene chloride, acetone, and 2-butanone was attributed to sample contamination. Chloroform and toluene were detected at near CRQL concentrations in samples collected at or below the water table and were not attributed to coal storage activities. Chloroform was detected in 2 of 10 subsurface soil samples at a maximum concentration of 0.006 mg/kg while toluene was reported in 1 of 10 samples at an estimated concentration of 0.006 mg/kg.

Only one of nine subsurface soil samples (53 to 55 feet bgs) contained TCL SVOCs above CRQLs; however, this was attributed to sample contamination. No inorganic concentrations of concern were detected in the nine subsurface soil samples analyzed for inorganics.

The compound methylene chloride was the only TCL VOC detected in the groundwater sample. It was also detected in the method blank and was attributed to laboratory contamination. Several TAL inorganics were reported above CRDLs: aluminum, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc. These inorganics were interpreted as being within the range of concentrations for uncontaminated groundwater at Cape Cod.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) installed several monitoring wells south of the MMR boundary to monitor the migration of contaminants from the MMR Sewage Treatment Plant. One of the monitoring wells, labeled FSW-234, is located in the town of Falmouth approximately 1,800 feet south of Study Area CY-2. It was sampled by the USGS in 1983 and analyzed for inorganics. Several inorganics were detected; however, the concentrations were all below federal and state drinking water standards (LeBlanc, 1984).

Field activities conducted at AOC CY-4 and reported in the remedial investigation report included collection of subsurface soil samples from seven soil borings, surface soil samples from an area of coal ash and soot disposal, and two ash samples (ABB-ES, 1996). AOC CY-4 is located approximately 400 feet south of the Central Heating Plant on Granville Road near the southeastern corner of MMR. Coal was stockpiled at AOC CY-4 from 1955 to 1990; from 1955 to 1978, it was stored directly on the ground, before installation of a concrete pad. Runoff from AOC CY-4 drained to Storm Drainage Ditch No. 3 (SD-3) along with runoff from upgradient areas. AOC CY-4 includes an area of approximately 8 acres where coal ash and soot were disposed of from 1955 to 1990.

Ash samples were collected at two locations at AOC CY-4 and analyzed for TCL SVOCs and TAL inorganics. The samples were found to contain low concentrations of three SVOCs, 12 inorganics, and several tentatively identified compounds.

Two samples of surficial material (zero to 2 feet bgs) were collected from the area of ash disposal at AOC CY-4 and analyzed for TCL SVOCs and TAL inorganics. The inorganic data were interpreted as indicating that the surficial samples contained a significant amount of coal ash. The samples did not contain SVOCs above CRQLs.

Nineteen subsurface soil samples were collected from below the depth of ash disposal. The VOC 2-butanone and a pesticide were reported in samples from one boring, but were not attributed to coal storage or ash disposal activities. The remaining subsurface samples did not contain TCL VOCs, SVOCs, or pesticides and PCBs above CRQLs. TAL inorganics were below CRDLs in 17 of the 19 subsurface samples. Aluminum was present in two of 19 samples at concentrations representative of background conditions at MMR. The data indicate that although coal ash contains inorganics and low concentrations of SVOCs, contamination of underlying soils has apparently not occurred at AOC CY-4.

In response to MADEP comments on the "Draft Decision Document for Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3", a water table monitoring well, MW-1, was installed at Study Area CY-1 in March 1998. Analytical results of samples collected in April 1998 from MW-1 did not detect groundwater contamination. Details of the groundwater assessment at Study Area CY-1 are presented in Appendix A.

Study Area CY-1 is located in an area east of Turpentine Road now used primarily for barracks and athletic fields. The former railroad sidings and coal weigh station no longer exist. All coal has been removed from the site, which is now either paved, grassed, or occupied by buildings.

Study Area CY-3 is located at the site of the former VA hospital steam plant at the intersection of East Hospital and West Hospital roads. The steam plant and most of the hospital buildings have been demolished. All that remains of the steam plant are the concrete foundation slab and two thick concrete walls. Paved areas south and east of the foundation, used for coal storage and parking (respectively) also remain. The area surrounding Study Area CY-3 is now reverting to woods. Stockpiled coal and ash have been removed from the site.

Study Area CY-3 is located approximately one-quarter mile from MMR temporary housing. Although there are several buildings along East Hospital Road, there appears to be little foot or vehicular traffic in the vicinity of Study Area CY-3. The area is not fenced and is accessible to individuals who have passed through MMR security gates.

Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3 are both located in the south-central part of MMR within the MPP and about 3,000 feet from each other. Soil borings were not drilled at Study Areas CY-1 and CY-2; however, borings drilled to investigate surrounding sites (MW-21 at AOC LF-1, MW-1 at AOC CS-3 (USCG), MW-1 at AOC CS-6 (USCG), and MW-2 at AOC FS-19) are interpreted as indicating that site geology is consistent with the general description of the MPP (see Subsection 2.3.1).

Figure 3-1 is a groundwater flow map that includes the locations of Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3. The groundwater table at Study Area CY-1 and Study Area CY-3 is approximately 50 feet bgs. Groundwater flow is to the southwest.

ECC conducted surface soil sampling activities at Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3 in June 2001. All soil samples were collected from 0 to 2 feet below ground surface and analyzed for arsenic, chromium, lead, vanadium, zinc, and pH. Analysis of the twelve samples taken from Study Area CY-1 (Figure 4-1) indicate that all COCs are below their respective USEPA approved remedial action levels (Appendix B). Analysis of the four samples taken from Study Area CY-3 (Figure 4-2) indicate that all COCs are below their respective remedial action levels except for one chromium detection of 19.8 mg/kg. This concentration slightly exceeds the chromium remedial action level of 19 mg/kg. Table 4-1 provides the analytical results from the June 2001 surface soil sampling effort. Appendix C consists of the Data Summary Report for the CY-1 and CY-3 sampling effort dated August 2001.

In addition to the sampling effort conducted in June 2001, a "gated" approach linking Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3 to Study Area CY-2 and AOC CY-4 was used because of their similar operational histories. Based on this comparison of site histories, impact to soil at Study Area CY-1 is expected to be similar to that detected at Study Area CY-2 and attributed to coal storage activity. As discussed in Subsection 2.5, TCL SVOCs were not detected above CRQLs in surface soils at Study Area CY-2. Several TAL inorganics associated with coal leachate were also detected. Subsurface soils at Study Area CY-2 were found not to be contaminated with TCL VOCs. No evidence of SVOC contamination in subsurface soils was attributed to coal storage activities. Several TAL inorganics were detected at low concentrations.

The history of Study Area CY-3 differs from that of Study Area CY-1 and Study Area CY-2 in that coal ash was also temporarily stockpiled at Study Area CY-3. As discussed in Subsection 2.5.3, coal ash has the potential to be a contaminant source. However, data indicate that ash disposal did not cause significant contamination of underlying soil at AOC CY-4, suggesting that temporary ash storage would not have caused significant contamination of underlying soils at Study Area CY-3. Therefore, environmental impacts at Study Area CY-3 are inferred to be similar to those at Study Area CY-2.

The distribution of PAHs at Study Area CY-2 suggests that significant leaching of PAHs from coal storage activities has not occurred there. Only low concentrations were detected at Study Area CY-2. If significant leaching of PAHs had occurred, the PAHs naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, and phenanthrene would most likely have been detected in much higher concentrations than those observed (E.C. Jordan Co., 1988a). Because of their site histories similar to Study Area CY-2, Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3 would also not be expected to exhibit subsurface PAH concentrations of concern.

In general, PAHs exhibit low water solubilities (i.e., generally less than 50 µg/L), low vapor pressures, and high octanol-water partition coefficients (Stahl et al., 1984). PAHs tend to adsorb strongly to soil and sediment even with little organic carbon present. The fate of PAHs in soil is not significantly affected by hydrolysis, photolysis, or volatilization; the ultimate fate is probably biodegradation. Based on the tendency of PAHs to adsorb to soil, the PAHs at Study Area CY-2 are not likely to act as a source of contamination to groundwater. The groundwater analytical data from Study Area CY-2 confirm that PAHs are not migrating to the groundwater.

Groundwater samples collected from a water table monitoring well at Study Area CY-1 were analyzed for TCL VOCs including methyl tertiary-butyl ether, Ethylene Dibromide, SVOCs, and TAL inorganics (filtered and non-filtered). The results of the laboratory analyses did not detect groundwater contamination. Details of the groundwater assessment at Study Area CY-1 are presented in Appendix A.

In 1990, the National Guard Bureau, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (MADEP) agreed to a "gated" approach for determining remedial activities at CY-1 and CY-3, meaning that findings and conclusions from investigations of coal storage yards CY-2 and CY-4 would be used to support a decision document for CY-1 and CY-3. The reasoning for this approach was based on a Phase I study at the MMR which concluded that each of the four coal yards at MMR has similar operational histories.

Study Area CY-2 has been characterized and found not to pose a threat to human health or groundwater quality by regulatory agencies (E.C. Jordan Co., 1988). Coal ash that was disposed of at AOC CY-4 has been shown not to be contaminating underlying soils. Any environmental impacts from past storage of coal or coal ash at Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3 is expected to be far less than any impact from coal storage at Study Area CY-2 or coal/ash storage at AOC CY-4. Analytical results from both the surface soil investigation at Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3, and the groundwater investigation at CY-1 support the recommendation for no further action at Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3.

On the basis of findings at Study Area CY-2 and AOC CY-4, and additional surface soil and groundwater sampling conducted at Study Area CY-1 and surface soil sampling conducted at CY-3, there is no evidence or reason to conclude that historical coal or ash storage activities at Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3 have caused significant environment contamination or pose a threat to human health or the environment. The decision has been made to remove Study Area CY-1 and Study Area CY-3 from further consideration in the IRP process.

MICHAEL A. AIMONE, P.E.            
The Deputy Civil Engineer
DCS/Installations & Logistics

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region I, Federal Facilities Office
Decision Document - Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3

Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Department of Environmental Protection
Decision Document - Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3

ABB Environmental Services, Inc. (ABB-ES), 1996. "Remedial Investigation for the Storm Drainage Ditch No. 3, Former Fire-Training Area No. 3, and Coal Yard No. 4 (SD-3/FTA-3/CY-4 Study Area)"; Installation Restoration Program; Massachusetts Military Reservation; prepared for HAZWRAP; Portland, Maine; November 1996.

Anderson, C., and M.P. Youngstrom, 1976. "Coal Pile Leachate - Quantity and Quality Characteristics"; Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division; American Society of Civil Engineers; pp. 1239-1253; December 1986.

Blumer, M., 1961. "Benzopyrene in Soil"; Science; Vol. 134; pp. 474-475.

E.C. Jordan Co., 1986. "U.S. Air Force Installation Restoration Program, Phase I: Records Search, Air National Guard, Camp Edwards (ARNG), U.S. Air Force and Veterans Administration Facilities at Massachusetts Military Reservation: Task 6"; prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge, Tennessee; December 11, 1986.

E.C. Jordan Co., 1987. "Water Supply Study at Massachusetts Military Reservation, Task 3-1"; Installation Restoration Program; Massachusetts Military Reservation; prepared for HAZWRAP; Portland, Maine; April 15, 1987.

E.C. Jordan Co., 1988a. "Task 2-3 Site Assessment of Coal Yard 2 (CY-2)"; Installation Restoration Program; Massachusetts Military Reservation; prepared for HAZWRAP; Portland, Maine; August 1988.

E.C. Jordan Co., 1988b. "Decision Document Site Coal Yard 2"; Installation Restoration Program; Massachusetts Military Reservation; prepared for HAZWRAP; Portland, Maine; October 1988.

E.C. Jordan Co., 1989a. "Site Inspection Report Task 2-3A, Field Investigation Work Conducted Fall 1987"; Installation Restoration Program; Massachusetts Military Reservation; prepared for HAZWRAP; Portland, Maine; March 1989.

E.C. Jordan Co., 1989b. "Hydrogeologic Summary Report - Task 1-8"; Installation Restoration Program; Massachusetts Military Reservation; prepared for HAZWRAP; Portland, Maine; April 1989.

E.C. Jordan Co., 1990a. "Remedial Investigation Report for the Railroad Fuel Pumping Station (FS-2 Study Area)"; Installation Restoration Program; Massachusetts Military Reservation; prepared for HAZWRAP; Portland, Maine; December 1990.

E.C. Jordan Co., 1990b. "Site Inspection Report Addendum - Results of Additional SI Sampling Conducted Summer 1989, Task 2-3C"; Installation Restoration Program; Massachusetts Military Reservation; prepared for HAZWRAP; Portland, Maine; December 1990.

Edwards, N.T., 1983. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Terrestrial Environment -- A Review"; Journal of Environmental Quality; Vol. 12, No. 4; pp. 427-441; October-December 1983.

Harding Lawson Associates (HLA), 1998. "Record of Decision - Areas of Contamination FTA-2/LF-2, PFSA/FS-10/FS-11, SD-2/FS-6/FS-8, SD-3/FTA-3/CY-4. SD-4, and SD-5/FS-5 Source Areas"; Installation Restoration Program; Massachusetts Military Reservation; prepared for HAZWRAP; Portland, Maine; September 1998.

Fendinger, N.J., et al., 1989. "Characterization of Organic Material Leached from Coal by Simulated Rainfall"; Environmental Science and Technology; Vol. 23, No. 2; pp. 170-177.

HLA, 1998. "Decision Document Study Areas CY-1 and CY-3", Installation Restoration Program, Massachusetts Military Reservation, prepared for HAZWRAP, Portland, Maine.

LeBlanc, D.R. (Editor), 1984. "Movement and Fate of Solutes in a Plume of Sewage-contaminated Groundwater, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Waste Groundwater Contamination Program"; presented at the Toxic Waste Technical Meeting; Tucson, Arizona; March 20-22, 1984; U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-475.

Olem, H., et al., 1983. "Prevention of Acid Drainage from Stored Coal"; Journal of Energy Engineering; American Society of Civil Engineers; Vol. 109, No. 2; pp. 103-112; June 1983.

Stahl, R.G., J.G. Liehr, and E.M. Davis, 1984. "Characterization of Organic Compounds in Simulated Rainfall Runoffs from Model Coal Piles"; Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology; Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.; Vol. 13; pp. 179-190.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1982. "Cape Cod Aquifer Determination"; Federal Register; Vol. 47, No. 134; W-1-FRL 2133-6.

Wachter, R.A., and T.R. Blackwood, 1978. "Source Assessment: Water Pollutants from Coal Storage Areas"; USEPA Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory; USEPA 600/2-78/004m; Cincinnati, Ohio; May 1978.

Youngblood, W.W., and M. Blumer, 1975. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment: Homologous Series in Soils and Recent Marine Sediments"; Geochemical et Cosmochimica Acta; Vol. 39; pp. 1303-1315.

Appendices

1. Groundwater Assessment at Study Area CY-1 B

2. USEPA Approval Letters for Revised Remedial Action Levels

3. Data Summary Report for CY-1 and CY-3

Acronyms and Abbreviations